Tag Archives: Mark Manley

Use Abstraction to Improve Function Readability

This is another post in our Code Health series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google Testing on the Toilet episode. You can download a printer-friendly version to display in your office.


By Palak Bansal and Mark Manley


Which version of the createPizza function below is easier to understand?

func createPizza(order *Order) *Pizza {  

  pizza := &Pizza{Base: order.Size,

                  Sauce: order.Sauce,

                  Cheese: “Mozzarella”}


  if order.kind == “Veg” {

    pizza.Toppings = vegToppings

  } else if order.kind == “Meat” {

    pizza.Toppings = meatToppings

  }


  oven := oven.New()

  if oven.Temp != cookingTemp { 

    for (oven.Temp < cookingTemp) {

      time.Sleep(checkOvenInterval)

      oven.Temp = getOvenTemp(oven)

    }

  }


  if !pizza.Baked {

    oven.Insert(pizza)

    time.Sleep(cookTime)

    oven.Remove(pizza)

    pizza.Baked = true

  }


  box := box.New()

  pizza.Boxed = box.PutIn(pizza)

  pizza.Sliced = box.SlicePizza(order.Size)

  pizza.Ready = box.Close()

  return pizza  

}

func createPizza(order *Order) *Pizza {

  pizza := prepare(order)

  bake(pizza)

  box(pizza)

  return pizza

}


func prepare(order *Order) *Pizza {

  pizza := &Pizza{Base: order.Size,

                  Sauce: order.Sauce,

                  Cheese: “Mozzarella”}

  addToppings(pizza, order.kind)

  return pizza

}


func addToppings(pizza *Pizza, kind string) {

  if kind == “Veg” {

    pizza.Toppings = vegToppings

  } else if kind == “Meat” {

    pizza.Toppings = meatToppings

  }

}


func bake(pizza *Pizza) {

  oven := oven.New()

  heatOven(oven) 

  bakePizza(pizza, oven)

}


func heatOven(oven *Oven) { … }

func bakePizza(pizza *Pizza, oven *Oven) { … }

func box(pizza *Pizza) { … }

You probably said the right-hand side is easier, but why? The left side mixes together several levels of abstraction: low-level implementation details (e.g., how to heat the oven), intermediate-level functions (e.g., how to bake pizza), and high-level abstractions (e.g., preparing, baking, and boxing the pizza).

The right side is easier to follow because the functions have a consistent level of abstraction, providing a top-down narrative of the code’s logic. createPizza is a high-level function that delegates the preparing, baking, and boxing steps to lower-level specialized functions with intuitive names. Those functions, in turn, delegate to their own lower-level specialized functions (e.g., heatOven) until they reach a function that handles implementation details without needing to call other functions. 

Avoid mixing different abstraction layers into a single function. Nest functions at equal abstraction levels to provide a narrative. This self-documenting style is simpler to follow, debug, and reuse.

You can learn more about this topic in the book Clean Code by Robert C. Martin.